Vet, Vetted, Vetting

Vet, Vetted, Vetting Vet, Vetted, Vetting Vet, Vetted, Vetting By Maeve Maddox The action word vet, â€Å"investigate someone’s appropriateness for a job,† surprised the American media during the presidential battle of 2008. Vet was Number Two on Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Year list that year. (Bailout was Number One.) Despite the fact that the word has been in American word references for near 100 years, hardly any US speakers appear to have known about it before 2008. Some gathering members keep on thinking about it: The past presidential political decision is the first occasion when I heard the term â€Å"vet† or â€Å"vettingâ a candidate.† What does it mean? (2012) Truly, I had never heard the word until today. (2013) Here are a few instances of the word’s current use on the Web: Hollywoods clinical storylines verified by the individuals who know 10 Steps for Vetting Unknown Internet Sources The Garda Central Vetting Unit (GCVU) gives the main authority verifying help in the Republic of Ireland. While it is general practice for most businesses to call references and affirm past bosses, screening a representative digs somewhat more profound into the candidates foundation. Some speakersâ€apparently deficient with regards to access to a dictionaryâ€speculate that the action word vet may get from veteran or veto: Originating from the word veteran possibly? From Latin veto (to deny), alluding to the act of having a chance to veto a choice before it is finished. Wrong. The action word â€Å"to vet† is gotten from the thing veterinarian. It started as a term meaning, â€Å"to present a creature to assessment or treatment by a veterinary surgeon.† The soonest reference in the OED shows the word with regards to horse hustling: 1891: Beau is precarious in his fore legs. I will have him considered before the races. By 1904, the term had spread to general utilization with this importance: to analyze cautiously and fundamentally for inadequacies or mistakes; explicitly, to research the reasonableness of (an individual) for a post that requires dedication and dependability. With respect to veteran and veto, the English word veteran originates from a Latin word for old. â€Å"Old soldiers,† for instance, were called veterani. Veto interprets as â€Å"I forbid,† a statement expressed by Roman tribunes of the individuals when they wished to restrict proportions of the Senate or activities of the judges. The Latin source word for veterinary and veterinarian is veterinus: â€Å"a brute of burden.† Veterinus may have been a contracted type of vehiterinus, a word identified with the action word vehere, to convey or pass on. A helper animal weight conveys things. Veterinarians care for helper animals trouble. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersOn Behalf Of versus In Behalf OfWhile versus While

Customs and Traditions of India Essay

About each nation on the planet has some type of religion. With religion comes the requirement for individuals to communicate their convictions. Customarily, these articulations are viewed as strict traditions and conventions. Alongside these strict traditions and conventions, most nations likewise gangs customs and customs rehearsed by even the normal non-strict resident. These traditions can be gigantic achievements in the lives of youthful grown-ups, or something as basic as shaking someone’s hand. Everything from a child’s first day at school to a love bird couples initiation is commended through customs and practices. A considerable lot of these conventions have been around for a large number of years. With religion came customs and ceremonies and practices. A couple of instances of these conventions include: Datar. Datar is the inviting of the lady of the hour into the home of the man of the hour by the lucky man and his family. This training is viewed as sacrosanct and as a need. It is accepted that in the event that the custom isn't done well or not done by any means, at that point the family is destined to fall flat. (IndiaNetzone) Another, less huge custom, Upanayan, is the day that a male youngster starts his instruction. A fascinating reality about Indian culture is that they despite everything utilize the standing framework and numerous customs are open just to the best three stations: Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaishyas. Upanyan is one of those customs. (Freshroads) Another crucial piece of India culture is continually giving. Giving is viewed as a definitive graciousness and in India culture, ought to be polished by everybody. Danam is the Indian custom of offering blessings to each other. Upanayan, The wedding function depicted above, is where Danam is rehearsed continually. The lady offers blessings to the lucky man and lucky man to the lady. These blessings can extend from gold to coconuts to cows. No present is viewed as the garments from grandmother for Christmas. In the last ten days of someone’s life, they are given numerous endowments which are accepted to assist them with intersection life following death measurements and get to paradise. Truth be told the endowment of a bovine is accepted to help spirits of the expired over a waterway in the measurements before paradise. (IndiaNetzone) It appears as if there are numerous conventions, however what number of individuals practice these customs? As indicated by the 2002 enumeration of India, roughly 80% of Indians practice Hinduism. This implies of the 1. 2 billion individuals that live there, around 960 million individuals practice these traditions and conventions. That is quite stunning considering the measure of blessings there must be given every day. With more than one hundred maybe 200 conventions rehearsed by pretty much every India eventually in their life, this implies there are a greater number of customs rehearsed in a lifetime than there are individuals on the planet. Likewise, if each Indian practices Namaskara, the Indian type of greeting, around 3-5 times day by day, in only eight hours, roughly, there have been more Namaskaras than individuals on the planet. (HowStuffWorks) Christianity has over twofold the quantity of supporters than Hinduism. Despite the fact that this information causes Hinduism to appear to be tiny contrasted with different religions, huge numbers of the conventions and customs are fundamentally the same as those of different religions including Christianity. What's more, a significant number of the non-strict traditions are fundamentally the same as a significant number of those of the American culture also. In Indian culture, it is viewed as conscious to salute to other people. Namaskara is the greeting of India. Namaskara is two individuals, uniting their hands while bowing their heads and bringing their hands towards their heart and bowed brow. This custom nearly looks like the handshake of American culture. As expressed previously, individuals on their deathbed are given blessings. In American culture, blossoms are brought to that person’s bedside and cards are regularly sent wishing that individual positive attitude. In Indian culture, the main day of school is viewed as an uncommon day. In American culture, the primary day of school can be energizing, and regularly enthusiastic. In America, the relatives of the perished conclude whether to burry or incinerate the expired. In India, the dead are quite often incinerated. This is on the grounds that Indians accept that incinerating the body of the expired awards simpler access to paradise by discharging the spirit from the body. In Indian culture, there are quite often masterminded weddings. In contrast to India, weddings are consensual in the American culture, not to state that Indian weddings are not consensual, at the same time, American weddings are between two individuals who have know each other before being hitched. In India, this isn't generally the situation. As a rule the lady of the hour and husband to be have never met until their big day. This is the reason Upanyan is such a significant time for recently marries, this is their first time, and their families first time, meeting the individual they wedded. (IndiaNetzone) Although correlations are not frequently made among American and Indian culture, when you see exactly how intently the way of life take after one another, it gives you an alternate perspective on the two societies and their likenesses and contrasts. At the point when you investigate, you truly observe the distinctions, and likenesses, between the American culture and the Indian culture. The India culture is extremely fascinating and loaded with many stunning and practically crazy traditions and conventions. There are numerous conventions and customs, and considerably more individuals that training them. At the point when you investigate, you see the likenesses between the way of life of the United States and India. Regardless of whether they’re strict traditions or non-strict traditions, they are entrancing. Regardless of whether it’s a person’s passing, or, birth, there’s a custom for the event.

BOLO in Law Enforcement Code Be on the Lookout

BOLO in Law Enforcement Code Be on the Lookout For people who dont work in any field of law enforcement, you may have heard certain terms or phrases used by police officers and youve been wondering what they mean.Well, law enforcement has an entirely unique lingo; this is why you have no clue what theyre saying.One of the aims of this police jargon is to ensure a feeling of unity among officers and also to provide the best way of communication between them.These kinds of codes or police jargon began from the 1920s to 1960s, as radio communication between police officers became more rampant.This was because radio traffic needed to be kept low to ensure that communication lines dont get jammed.However, in contemporary times with the advancement in technology, most of these terms used in police lingo are to quickly spread useful information about a criminal occurrence to officers on the ground.WHAT’S THE USEFULNESS OF POLICE JARGON?Initially, police lingo may look pointless or too difficult for servicemen to understand but these s eemingly meaningless terms serve a huge purpose.It may seem that the whole purpose of using these acronyms is for the communication between two law enforcement men to stay encrypted from the public, but this is not so.It may be part of the reason but the primary purpose of making use of law enforcement jargon is to keep the information being passed across straight to the point and short.Aside from this, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is big on short transmissions; this is with the aim of saving bandwidth.If huge volumes of radio transmissions are passed across through the airwaves it restricts its use for other reasons.Whats more, these short and concise abbreviations are very important for the safety of law enforcement officials, whether at traffic lights, following up a car jack, or patrolling.The primary aim of the officer should be solving the task at hand or effectively handling the subject they are engaging with, without having to spend so much time trying to aler t other officers on whats happening.To elaborate some more, in 2016, 56 law enforcement officers in the United States were killed in the line of duty, with 26 of them killed by gunfire.This shows what officers have to deal with on a daily basis.In the line of fire, every second matters and these codes can help an officer quickly get information about a situation before it gets worse.As far as security matters are concerned, every single second and minute counts and the sooner the right information is passed to the right person, the higher the chances of lives being saved.In the United States, for every one million civilian, there are a hundred thousand police officers and in order to ensure smooth operations with such a huge difference ratio, law enforcement agents must be able to communicate quickly and efficiently with each other and this communication is most effective through codes. Source: PSMagWHAT IS THE TRANSMISSION PROCESS TO LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS?Ever been driving or in traffic somewhere and you suddenly see a police vehicle speed passed you with its siren blaring and lights flashing?If youre like most people, youve probably thought about how they all knew where to go and where they were going at the same time.Thats actually a valid train of thought because someone sent them there and informed them they were needed in that particular location, most times, urgently, which is why they zoom past like that.Often times, it was a police dispatcher who directed them to that location. Police dispatchers are extremely important to the law enforcement agency.They may be overlooked most times but are a vital aspect to the success of police officers in the field.WHO TRANSMITS DISTRESS CALLS TO POLICE OFFICERS?As we saw above police dispatchers are responsible for passing across distress calls to the officers on patrol.Do not be mistaken, as easy as sending short po lice jargon acronyms to other law enforcement servicemen sounds, it can be very stressful.More often, dispatchers also double as 911 operators, this entails receiving distress calls and then dispatching officers to the location of the call using concise terms.Dispatchers usually receive the first contact with the distressed persons before other law enforcement agents do. This is why using short codes or lingo is essential.Most times the cause of call could be extremely urgent and trying to pass the information regularly to police officers around that location could slow the response time down.There are many kinds of lingos, slangs and acronyms used by law enforcement agents, but for the sake of this article, we will be examining a common police jargon known as BOLO.Im pretty sure you must have heard this word being used by police officers and you have wondered what on earth a BOLO is.Here is what BOLO is not, BOLO is not a new weapon used by the police neither is it the name of a ne w software used by law enforcement agents. What then is BOLO?MEANING OF BOLOBOLO is an acronym for “Be on the Lookout”.It’s majorly used by law enforcement agents to send information to officers in other parts of a city or country to be on the lookout for a fugitive, criminal or law offender that is on the run.It could also be used for missing persons or stolen items.When an officer calls another and says “BOLO for a blonde man driving a red SUV with a shattered windscreen”, what the message simply means is the receiver of the call should be on the Lookout for any blonde man driving a red SUV with a broken windscreen.It could probably be that the blonde man caused an accident and he fled the accident scene or that he was involved in a shootout with the police and he is on the run.Once the police officer receives the call, he starts paying attention to every car that passes by him especially if it is a red vehicle and once he identifies the car, he can flag it down and have the driver arrested or call for backup if there is a need for backup.Most often a BOLO signal is sent to many officers at a time.If a crime is committed and the culprit is on the run, all cops in the city and the ones at the different entry and exit points of the city including airports, seaports, train and bus station etc are alerted and they all swing into action to make sure that the criminal is caught.UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCE IS A BOLO ISSUED?A BOLO is issued mostly in a situation where there is a criminal on the run from law enforcement agents.Most times people break the law and instead of paying for the offense, they try to play smart and send the police on a wild goose chase after them.It could be that there was an officer that witnessed the crime and could not arrest the criminal because he was overpowered or the crime was reported via a 911 call and the description of the culprit was given.Once the law enforcement agents get this report, they swing into action immediately a nd send a message to all their men stationed at the different corners of the city to be on the Lookout for the criminal.A BOLO can be issued for a serial rapist or killer, a kidnapper, a robber, a gang of thieves, members of a drug cartel, smugglers, traffickers, and even drunk drivers.There is no specific crime that a person has to commit before a BOLO is issued on him, as far as the person is considered a threat to the society or they’re absconding from paying for his offense, a BOLO is placed on him to make sure he is arrested.A BOLO can also be issued on a person that is missing. When people get missing and their families cant get in touch with them to know their whereabouts and safety, a report is made to the cops and a BOLO is sent out to other officers to be on the lookout for the missing person.This will help in finding the missing person fast, it could be that the person was involved in an accident and didnt have an ID on him for identification or he was kidnapped or mugg ed.Whatever the circumstance surrounding the disappearance may be, once a BOLO is issued the person will easily be found.A BOLO could also be issued on a missing or stolen item.For example if someones car got hijacked or stolen from him, he can call the police and alert them immediately that his car just got stolen from him, he will describe the car and the direction in which the thieves went.After the law enforcement agents receive the complaint, they signal their men along that route to be on the lookout for the car of the man so that the car can be recovered and the thieves apprehended.WHAT DOES A BOLO CALL ENTAIL?When a BOLO call is made concerning a person or an object it isnt a sketchy and summarized call it is rather very descriptive.This is because, for whatever or whoever it is to be apprehended by the cops, they have to know exactly what they are looking for so that they do not end up arresting the wrong person.When a person calls to report a crime, he is expected to give as many details as he can remember of the criminals to help the police lay hold on the criminal without much stress.The same is applicable when a “Be on the Lookout” order is issued.If what is being looked for is a person, the BOLO description will include the physical features of the person and his appearance such as:His/Her race or skin color (could be an Asian, a Caucasian, an African, or an Arab etc).His/Her hair color (blonde, brunette, grey, dyed etc).His/ her  height   and weight (it could be an  estimation, since the reporter of the crime may not have so many details he could say about 5 feet tall or any other height estimation)Gender (Male or female)Description of the clothing. The caller has to describe the clothing the person is wearing. This description includes the type of clothing if it is shorts, pants, dress, jumpsuit etc. The color of the clothing is also important. Every single detail about the clothing is important if the criminal has something as little as a handkerchief with him or a ring on a finger it should also be included in the clothing description.Means of transport used by the offender: a car, motorcycle etc and the description of the means.If it is an object that is missing say a vehicle, the description also has to be detailed.If its a vehicle the following description will be provided for easy identification:The manufacturer of the car. For example a Cadillac, Toyota, Mercedes, Ford etc.The model and year of the car.The color of the car.The license plate number of the car.Other unique details on the car such as a sticker, the type of rims used on the tire, a damage on the car etc.All these information is necessary so that the particular person or item is found without any mix-up.A vague BOLO usually gives the officers a tough time because it is easy for them to identify the person or item if the details are elaborate.When reporting a crime to the police or to 911 ensure you give all the details you know, this will make the ir job easier.That is why you find cops on crime scenes trying to get information from the eye witness of the crime, the more information they have, the closer they get to apprehend the suspect.Despite the fact that a BOLO is descriptive, it is also meant to be short and straight to the point.IMPORTANCE OF BOLOWithout being told, you can already tell that BOLO is very beneficial to law enforcement agencies.If it wasnt important or helpful, it would have probably been ditched a long time ago.Let’s see some of the importance of BOLO:1. BOLO Facilitates the Apprehending of CriminalsCrime is on the increase on a daily basis and the best way law enforcement agents can ensure that every criminal pays for his crime is by making sure that he is arrested.A survey by the FBI carried out in 2016 showed that about 1.2 million violent crimes were committed in the US in 2016 alone.The same study showed that 64.3% of the reported crime was for aggravated assault while 26.6% was over robbery, 7.7 % were rape-related crimes.According to the same report, 10.7 million arrests excluding traffic violations were made in 2016. Below is a Pie Chart showing the crime rate and the percentage of each crime Source: FBIYou can agree with me that this is a very huge figure.You may be wondering how the police were able to make all these arrests, a major percentage of these arrests were made based on BOLO alerts.If not for BOLO the figures would have been increased by a greater percentage.2. BOLO Helps the Law Enforcement Agents Not to Make Wrong ArrestsWhen a crime is committed, there are many suspects, but the fact that someone is a suspect doesnt make him guilty of the offense.A BOLO call placed with the appropriate description of the culprit will help the cops to get the exact person.The reason why innocent people are arrested sometimes is because the cops dont have specific evidence that will link them to the offender and so they end up picking the wrong people.Research carried out by Aizman Law firm with information from the Michigan registry showed that at least 4.1 percent of all the defendants that had been sentenced to death were innocent.According to the report, since the 1970s m ore than 8000 people who had been put on the death row were falsely convicted.Below is a graph showing the exoneration of wrongfully accused persons on a yearly basis based on the data from the Michigan registry. Source: AizmanlawIf there was an accurate BOLO issued out with the exact description of the offender, these innocent people wouldnt have had to pay for offences they didnt commit.3. A BOLO Can Help in the Arrest of a Defaulting Officer Who is on the RunBy sending a signal to the other cops, the defaulting cop wont be able to infiltrate the system and get away with the crime.Sometimes, police officers are also guilty of committing offenses and if the eyewitness of the crime doesnt call 911 immediately to report the cop may get away with it and actually fool the entire police force into not suspecting that he is the criminal.Some cops have been convicted of crimes they committed while they were off duty.Below is a chart showing the data of cops that have been arrested due to committing offenses between the years 2005 to 2011. Source: Washington PostMost of them didnt commit the crime while on duty or wearing their uniform but with the accurate description from one or two eyewitnesses, the defaulting cop was caught.In a case like that, a BOLO is sent to his/her other colleagues and he/she is arrested immediately before further harm is done.4. A BOLO Can Be Used to Alert Members of the PublicIn some cases, a BOLO is placed for the public, warning them to be on the lookout for a dangerous criminal that is on the run.This information can be passed via a broadcast or through newspaper or magazine publication.This will help to keep the public alert and make them easily identify the criminal when spotted and to report to the nearest police station immediately.Warning the public will also help to save the lives of some unsuspecting people that may fall victim to the criminals attack.Sometimes the police may have a hard time apprehending some criminals and in order to keep the public safe and to easily get news on the criminal, they alert the public to be on the lookout.This form of BOLO has helped to save the lives of many people and has also gotten criminals that are on the run arrested.For example, if a rapist or a serial killer is on the run and the cops are having a hard time apprehending him, they alert the public to be at alert and give a description of the criminal and sometimes if the picture is available, the picture of the criminal will be attached.Members of the public are advised to alert the police if the criminal is spotted.This is mostly done for serial criminals who have a particular pattern or cycle they follow to attack people or criminals that have picked on a particular set of victims.CONCLUSIONThe BOLO code is essential to help police officers know details of a subject very quickly which aids the speed of their response time.However, this is just one of the many acronyms in the police jargon.”If you are looking for a career in the police force or simply are just inter ested by such unique codes, by now you should be able to fully understand what the code BOLO means.So, the next time you hear the code BOLO, you know what to be on the lookout for.So far, BOLO has helped the law enforcement agents to arrest, convict and charge criminals for their offenses.If BOLO was not used by cops, more than half of criminals would have gotten away with the crime, because criminals will be able to easily slip past officers stationed at strategic points without policemen or women on duty knowing a wanted criminal or a stolen item just passed under their nose.For example, if a bank robbery happened in the center of town and the robbers drove towards the outskirt of the town, the only way the police officers at the border and the outskirts of the town will be alerted of the approaching group of criminals is through a BOLO.Without the BOLO, the criminals can drive past and even wave the cops on duty without them suspecting anything.With the use of BOLO, law enforceme nt agents can now work together as one with the same information, at the same time, to clamp down on criminals and also to restore stolen and missing items or people.

Prostitution Essay - 1970 Words

Prostitution The concept of prostitution is one that causes a visceral revulsion in conventional Western morality -- a symptom of which is how the many colloquial terms for a prostitute, such as whore, or harlot, are commonly used as denigratory pejoratives towards women. Although a persistent phenomenon throughout human history , it remains difficult to view prostitution in an objective light -- various cultures have alternately tried to ban it on religious or moralistic grounds, or stigmatise it under a dont-ask-dont-tell sort of veneer which was a barely-tolerated but necessary evil of society. It is interesting to note that despite an increasingly secularised attitude towards sexual relationships, as seen in societys†¦show more content†¦I will also omit discussions into the morality of third-party soliciting, such as pimps or madams, for brevitys sake. Moral vs. Legal justification. When considering the issue of prostitutions morality, I would like to begin with a distinction between morality and legality. There are many instances in which the two concepts have existed independently of the other -- and whether the law should apply itself to moral issues is a subject beyond the scope of this essay. However, with regards to prostitution, it may very well turn out that prostitution could be immoral and yet legally tolerated, if not sanctioned. The contemporary liberal view, in the Millian tradition, is that such acts are essentially private contracts between consenting adults which is beyond the purview of legal enforcement because they(according to some) do no harm to other parties. However, the issue at stake here is not so much whether the law should come down in favour or against prostitution, but whether prostitution itself is inherently morally objectionable. In a that vein, I will also therefore avoid arguments about the enforceability of any proscription against prostitution -- whether prostitution can be stamped out or not is irrelevant to whether it is morally objectionable or not. There is also, of course, the age-old ethical question raised about definitions of morality, and by what moral benchmark one uses to judge an issue such as prostitution.Show MoreRelatedProstitution : Prostitution And Prostitution1169 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is illegal in the United States, except for some counties in Nevada. However, prostitution is in most part of the United States, despite the fact that it has been legalized. Prostitution is an act whereby, one sells his/her body for sex. In the United States, Prostitution is divided into three broad categories; street, escort, and brothel prostitution. Brothel prostitution takes place in brothel houses, which are houses where prostitutes can sell sexual services. 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Coinciding with popular belief, there are more arguments against the act of prostitution being legalized. While some consider the act of prostitution to be an immoral act others will considerRead MoreProstitution : The Crime Of Prostit ution1671 Words   |  7 PagesBefore conducting extensive research on the crime of prostitution I wrote down several different explanations that I believe explain why women participate in prostitution. Women participate in the act of prostitution for many reasons. First and foremost prostitution is known to be a very lucrative business, similar to the porn industry and stripping industry. Therefore, women participate in prostitution to make large amounts of money; in prostitution (like in any other profession) money is always theRead MoreProstitution : The Issue Of Prostitution1401 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution â€Å"There is no clear boundary† between voluntary and involuntary prostitution says Janice Raymond of the University of Massachusetts.(341) Prostitution as the society knows the women that sell themselves on the street as, is presented as a debate around the world, whether it be legalized or not. In the article â€Å"Decriminalizing Prostitution† Sarah Glazer reports on the views people have towards prostitution in their cities. Many people have different opinions on this debate such asRead MoreThe Legalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution2217 Words   |  9 PagesI find the legalization of prostitution important because it seems as if gender stereotypes, that are mostly taught to us through different social roles, play a role in the reason that prostitution is not legal- seeing that most prostitutes are women. I agree that prostitution should become legalized for a multitude of reasons, such as, helping bring down the percentage of sexual harassment, being abl e to be protected by the police, and being able to make a legitimate living- by doing what they wouldRead MoreProstitution Article On Prostitution Laws1640 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution Laws in Canada Karlene Wright November 19, 2014 Prostitution Laws in Canada Introduction Prostitution is considered by many to be the oldest profession. Throughout civilization many society have had to address the issue of prostitution. Canada is a nation renown for promoting the advancement of women in all parts of the world. However, it is a nation guilty of punishing women for the circumstances in which they find themselves. The prostitution laws in Canada showsRead MoreProstitution And The Law : Prostitution2362 Words   |  10 PagesProstitution and the Law Prostitution, also known as commercial sex or solicitation, is the business of preforming sexual activities in exchange for monetary compensation. Prostitution can be seen in many different outlets, from brothels and streetwalkers, to top of the line escort or call-girl services. Prostitution laws make it a crime to suggest, consent, or participate in a sexual act for the benefit of receiving payment (FindLaw, 2016). Prostitution is one of the first known female occupationsRead MoreProstitution, The Act Of Prostitution1324 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution, the act of â€Å"providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society; the first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in one of the first known civilizations, Mesopotamia (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitu tion is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† TodayRead MoreLegalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution1612 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Prostitution Prostitution law varies widely from country to country, and between jurisdictions within a country. Prostitution or sex work is legal in some parts of the world and regarded as a profession, while in other parts it is a crime punishable by death. In many jurisdictions prostitution is illegal. In other places prostitution itself is legal, but surrounding activities are illegal. In other jurisdictions prostitution is legal and regulated. In most jurisdictions which

All Quiet on the Western Front Symbolism, Imagery Allegory

All Quiet on the Western Front Symbolism, Imagery Allegory Iron - In the book we hear the term The Iron Youth used to describe Paul s generation. The Iron Youth is an ideal of a strong Fatherland-lovin group of young soldiers who enlist and fight in the war as a way of showing pride for Germany and its history. The author and characters in the book tear this ideal apart, feeling it to be useless and empty when compared with the realities of war. These young soldiers are not made of iron, but of flesh and blood. The term iron would suggest they are protected emotionally and physically against all weapons of war, but this book proves to us that that is completely false. Lives melt away in the arms of this violent war. Iron†¦show more content†¦Rather than praying to a god for protection, or thanking a god for protection, Paul celebrates the Earth. Consider his words: To no man does the earth mean so much as to the soldier. When he presses himself down upon her long and powerfully, when he buries his face and his limbs deep in her from the fear of death by shell-fire, then she is his only friend, his brother, his mother; he stifles his terror and his cries in her silence and her security; she shelters him and gives him a new lease of ten seconds of life, receives him again and often for ever. Earth! – Earth! – Earth! Earth with thy folds, and hollows, and holes, into which a man may fling himself and crouch down! [†¦] O Earth, thou grantest us the great resisting surge of new-won life. (4.23-4.25) The earth has the power to protect and shelter soldiers when they hide in trenches or in holes made by shells. Earth proves to be a match for the man-made weapons that seek to kill men; for, even though Earth cannot fight back, it can protect Paul and his friends. Notice how Paul uses words like thy and grantest – it s as though he s reciting an old prayer. You could argue that he s praying to the only power that can help him. Quiet - If you re looking for a task that will take you, oh, all week to complete, count how many times the word quiet appears in this novel. We didn t have that much time on our hands, but we ll just say that this wonderful wordShow MoreRelatedAll Quiet On The Western Front1313 Words   |  6 PagesDustin Chapman Mrs. Smith English IV Honors January 10, 2015 Symbolism in All Quiet on the Western Front It’s no surprise that soldiers will more-than-likely never come home the same. Those who have not served do not often think of the torment and negative consequences that the soldiers who make it out of war face. Erich Remarque was someone who was able to take the torment that he faced after his experience in World War I and shed light on the brutality of warRead MoreDickens Symbolism in Hard Times4703 Words   |  19 PagesHard Times Symbolism, Imagery Allegory Sometimes, there’s more to Lit than meets the eye. Fairy Palaces and Elephants (a.k.a. Factories and the Machinery inside them) This one is from the narrator and runs throughout the novel: the idea that the ugly, square, fact-based, oppressive mills look like fairy palaces with elephants in them when they are lit up at night. The image first pops up as something a person riding by Coketown in a fast-moving train might say – in other words, someone whoRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 PagesBooks and Research Center Manila. The mechanics of expression via art work If we show some apples to ten persons, and ask them to tell us what are their opinions about the apples, we will probably get ten different answers, although they are all looking at the same apples. The reality is that different people react differently to the same object or events. The artist will have his/her own interpretations of things. In order to present this interpretation, the artist needs to decide onRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesLecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western Astrology VII. W. B. Yeats and â€Å"A Vision:† The Arab Mansions of the Moon On Ritual and Talismans Picatrix Astrological Magic Aphorisms Extracts on Planetary Ritual Clothing Twenty Two Benefic Astrological Talismans Astrology, Magical Talismans and

The Life You Save May Be Your Own Free Essays

Christina Sabillon Dr. Speller ENGL 2325 August 6, 2012 The Life You Save May Be Your Own The protagonist in â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† is Mr. Shiftlet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life You Save May Be Your Own or any similar topic only for you Order Now This man encounters an older woman and her daughter; both named Lucynell Crater. Their first conversation is very awkward, but the reader can interpret the characters. Mr. Shiftlet is a one armed man who left home at a young age. Lucynell (mother) is an older widowed woman who is independent and protective of her daughter. The younger Lucynell (daughter) is a deaf girl with a mental handicap. She is intrigued by a man working around the house and follows him around all day. He seems to be a respectful man to these ladies, but he is in need of validation that there is some good in this world. Mr. Shiftlet could have used Mrs. Crater’s hospitality and marriage proposal as a chance for him to change his outlook on the world, but he has alternative motives. He develops this strong misanthropic view of the world after he leaves his mother as a child, and he now has the chance to find grace and a new life with Mrs. Lucynell Crater’s offer. Mr. Shiftlet appears to be a good man at first glance. He looks to be an honest noble nomad who does not have any money, but does not seem to be the least afflicted by it. He is disenchanted by society and even says â€Å"’ [n]othing is like it used to be, lady’†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢the world is almost rotten’† (O’Connor, pg 53). He makes the audience believe that he is a decent man trying to find some good in this world. So, why would a man who is disgusted by the way people act, contribute to his theory instead of trying to make the world a better place? He makes mention that the problem with the world is that no one takes the time to be patient and nobody cares about the issues, but thankfully he is not one of those people and he took the time to teach Miss Crater the word bird. He is a dishonest man. In reality, he is not the man that he is pretending to be. He is a deceitful individual who is taking advantage of their hospitality and kindness in order to milk anything he can out of both Lucynells. Mr. Shiflet was tempted by the Ford vehicle in order to deceive the mother and daughter. There are a couple of signs that Mrs. Crater should have seen in order to discover the foreshadowing of her daughter’s abandonment. He was much more interested and curious by the car that before he introduced himself properly to the ladies he asked a question about the Ford. Whenever he finally does introduce himself he does it like this†¦ â€Å"‘Name Tom T. Shiftlet,’ he murmured, looking at the tires† (O’Connor, pg 53). A real respectful person would have given them direct eye contact and shook their hand. He would not have murmured, but would have said it straight, with a strong voice, and seem interested. The one armed man works hard to gain Mrs. Crater’s trust. She allows him to fix a couple of things around the property in order for him to sleep in the Ford outside. The nights he spent sleeping in the car gave him time to plan how he was going to get a way out of the life that he had been living, and how he was going to get away with the Ford. The work days would pass and she is more and more impressed by the way he is able to work with only one arm, and the attention that he gives to her sweet daughter. Mrs. Lucynell is blinded by all of this because she also had alternative motives for allowing Mr. Shiftlet to stay with them. She wanted to believe that he was a good man worthy enough to marry her daughter. She was more than willing to allow him to work on things around the house in order for her to observe the relationship between her daughter and him. After she agrees to pay for the parts needed to fix the car, Mrs. Crater is certain that they should be married. She is completely unconcerned with the fact that he is most occupied with the car than anything else. Mr. Shiftlet was becoming suspicious of her intentions and found a way to manipulate the entire situation is his head for his selfish benefit. Mr. Shiftlet has earned the older woman’s trust so well that she will offer him whatever in order for him to marry her daughter. He tells her that he cannot accept that offer because Miss Lucynell is undeserving of the poor man that he is. He tells Mrs. Crater that he was not raised to believe that a man could support a family without any money. And that made him seem like an even nobler man to the older woman. She has to convince him that she does not know any better about these nice things that she deserves, and to top it all off she offers to pay for the wedding, honeymoon, and to pay for the truck to be painted. Upon hearing all of this the text reads†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the darkness, Mr. Shiftlet’s smile stretched like a weary snake waking up by a fire† (O’Connor, pg. 61). That is a clear physical indication that the evil is coming out of the man. The grin on his face should have been a huge sign to the older woman, but she was extremely overjoyed about the deal she had just made. Mr. Shiftlet had the biggest opportunity to be saved by grace. He had a great chance in front of him to be a hardworking man and a great husband for Lucynell. The reason he had not been married before was because of his argument that he had not found an innocent woman. Who is more innocent than the sweet daughter of Mrs. Crater? She knows about no evil in the world. She can clean, cook, be a good wife for Mr. Shiftlet, and she will inherit the house and the land when her mother passes. He had the perfect situation laid out in front of him so that he could live a better life than he one he knew before. He is given the prospect to believe that the world is not rotten and he could be the start of change that he wants to see on this earth. His moral compass should direct him to be a better person. He should not want to take advantage of a woman and her daughter after the hospitality and kindness they have shown him. But Mr. Shiftlet is too terrible a man that he will not let anyone get in the way of his true intentions and he does not care who he affects in the process. To leave your newlywed bride asleep in a strange town one hundred miles away from the only home she has ever known is heartless for even the worst of misfits to do. There is an indication of remorse of what he has done. The text states â€Å"[h]e is more depressed than ever as he drove on by himself† (O’Connor, pg. 64). But no, he is more depressed because he is alone once again. And because he is selfish and no longer wants to be alone, he picks up a hitch-hiker. The hitch-hiker is a young boy who did not even have his thumb up for a ride, but Mr. Shiftlet picks him up anyways. The young boy is silent in the car and does not make eye contact with the man. He can see through Mr. Shiftlet and knows that he is a bad man. The boy does not care to hear about the man’s mother and how she was the best mother anyone could ever have. He was so fed up with the man’s conversation that he yells at Mr. Shiflet â€Å"†¦go to the devil! †(O’Connor, pg. 66). Then he jumps out of the moving vehicle into a ditch. The man should have stopped to help the boy or at least been concerned with his safety. But no, Mr. Shiftlet is too evil of a man to be busy with no one but himself. Mr. Shiftlet is such a terrible person, he was too rotten to be saved by the grace of the Craters. He was given an opportunity to â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢wash the slime from this earth’† (O’Connor, pg 66). The very thing he prays for at the end of this short story. Yet, no, he is unaffected by the damage he has just done, and continues on his nomadic life on to the next city. In the car he had to lie, cheat, and steal to get. It is not that God is not answering Mr. Shiftlet’s prayers for this world to be a better place, but it is Mr. Shiftlet who has been ignoring God and answering his chances to be saved by Him. Work Cited Document O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own. † A Good Man Is Hard to Find. Orlando: n. p. , 1955. 51-66. Print. How to cite The Life You Save May Be Your Own, Essay examples

Starbucks customers expectation free essay sample

Starbuck’s was founded in 1971 by three men from Seattle, Washington. These three men were coffee fanatics that specialized in selling whole bean Arabica coffee beans in the world famous Pike’s place market. In 1982, Howard Schultz joined the. By the early 1990’s he had opened and operated over 150 stores in the Northwest United States and Chicago markets. Schultz decided to take the company public in 1993, by 2002, Starbucks had established Starbucks as the dominant specialty coffee brand and coffee house with over 5000 stores worldwide and 4500 of those are corporate locations. Starbucks Mission Statement The success of Starbucks in the early 1990’s can be attributed to Howard Schultz’s vision of the Starbucks brand. Schultz inspired of a company which would make the customer the centre of its success and would change the coffee drinking experience in the U. S. Starbucks was successful because it placed value to the customers first in its value proposition. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks customers expectation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As to Customer’s expectation in terms of Starbucks’ Beverage, we could refer to Starbucks’s Mission Statement under customer segment; â€Å"When we are fully engaged, we connect with, laugh with, and uplift the lives of our customers – even if just for a few moments. Sure, it starts with the promise of a perfectly made beverage, but our work goes far beyond that. It’s really about human connection. † Arguments Generally speaking, we categorize Starbucks’ Customer experience into 3 P’s: People the baristas and their connection with customers. Partners were trained on both â€Å"hard skills† and â€Å"soft skills† when hired to work for a Starbucks retail store. This equal emphasis on the â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† skills further highlighted Starbucks strategy to make the experience pleasant for the customer. The â€Å"soft skills† were a way to teach the partners on how to connect with the customer, by establishing eye contact, smiling and greeting them with their names when the customers were regulars. Place their store design and atmosphere Schultz’s idea was to make Starbucks America’s â€Å"third place†. By recreating the Italian coffee culture he met in Milan, he managed to make Starbucks a place where people can enjoy their social interactions, relax, or just spent some time by themselves. In essence, the Starbucks idea changed the norm from â€Å"buying coffee as a drink† to â€Å"the experience of enjoying coffee†. People viewed Starbucks as a place they wanted to be at and they spent as much time as they could in the stores. It was an uplifting experience that was complemented with the layout designed to provide an inviting environment. Product the beverages, food, and merchandise Starbucks strategy was to open only company? owned stores and avoid franchising. This enabled the company to keep full control of quality of its products and services. At the same, Starbucks tried to control as much of the supply chain as possible in order to keep the quality of coffee at high and consistent levels by working with growers and enforcing coffee standards.

Women Entrepreneurs In Khulna

Women Entrepreneurs In Khulna Free Online Research Papers Existing sex ratio in demographic structure of Bangladesh indicates that women comprise almost 50% of the total population. They are essential part of nation’s human resources. Due to this demographic structure, the issue of the participation of women in the mainstream economy is imperative. Without a meaningful and active participation of women, half of the total population, in regular economic activities, a dynamic and sustainable economy is impossible. A sustainable economy is a precondition for national growth and prosperity including institutionalization of a democratic system. It is also impossible to achieve the target of a poverty-free society without incorporation of women in the mainstream economy. Considering the issue, a special emphasis has been given by the Government, donor agencies, NGOs, business community and all other relevant stakeholders through different interventions to ensure increased women’s participation in formal economic sector, especially in business and industry. The major initiatives undertaken by the Government so far included establishment of a separate ministry on women’s affairs, formulation of the National Policy for Advancement of Women-2008 and the National Action Plan. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), which is now the main document for national development in Bangladesh, also incorporated some noteworthy issues to ensure women’s participation in social and econom ic life. The industrial and SME policies 2005 of Bangladesh Government have emphasized women entrepreneurship development, particularly in SME sector. Despite various initiatives from different corner of the state, the level of participation of women in the mainstream economic activities, especially private sector, remains insufficient and the percentage of women in business and industry is still below than that of their male counterpart. Due to govt. budgetary limitations for Khulna city, the once-titled â€Å"Industrial City† has lost its good days and also the business environment is yet to be congenial for business enterprises. Likewise other parts of the country, women in Khulna city have also been engaged in small-scale enterprises for their survival and these enterprises have benefitted their family and life.But here has been too few research efforts carried out in Bangladesh on particularly the women entrepreneurship of Khulna City so far. In this paper an attempt is therefore made to evaluate the nature of the women entrepreneurial ventures and their impact on the socio-economic development of these women taking Kh ulna city as the study area. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Women’s entrepreneurship needs to be studied separately for two main reasons. The first reason is that women’s entrepreneurship has been recognized during the last decade as an important untapped source of economic growth. Women entrepreneurs create new jobs for themselves and others and by being different also provide society with different solutions to management, organization and business problems as well as to the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. However, they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs. Thus there exists a market failure discriminating against women’s possibility to become entrepreneurs and their possibility to become successful entrepreneurs. This market failure needs to be addressed by policy makers so that the economic potential of this group can be fully utilized. While without a doubt the economic impact of women is substantial, we still lack a reliable picture describing in detail that specific impact. Recent efforts initiated by the OECD (1997, 2000) are responses to this lack of knowledge and have focused the attention of policy makers and researchers on this important topic. The second reason is that the topic of women in entrepreneurship has been largely neglected both in society in general and in the social sciences. Not only have women lower participation rates in entrepreneurship than men but they also generally choose to start and manage firms in different industries than men tend to do. The industries (primarily retail, education and other service industries) chosen by women are often perceived as being less important to economic development and growth than high-technology and manufacturing. Furthermore, mainstream research, policies and programs tend to be â€Å"men streamed† and too often do not take into account the specific needs of women entrepreneurs and would-be women entrepreneurs. As a consequence, equal opportunity between men and women from the perspective of entrepreneurship is still not a reality. In order for policy makers to address the situation the report makes a number of recommendations. Many economists, sociologists, psychologists and behavioral scientists have made attempt to define entrepreneurship in their respective fields. The concept in the field of entrepreneurship could be classified into two disciplines: Economic concepts and behavioral concepts. Schumpeter, 1967 clarified entrepreneur as an innovator with potentialities of doing new things, as an economic leader, as a chief conducive function in the process of economic development. McClelland, 1965 views that the supply of entrepreneurship is highly dependent upon the intensity of overachievement motivation, called the â€Å"need for achievement† (n ACH motive). Rahman, 1997 said that, entrepreneurship is the function that is specific to the entrepreneurs’ ability to take the factors of production – land, labor and capital and use them to produce new goods or services. Entrepreneurship is defined as a kind of behavior of a person that includes perceiving economic opportunities, initiat ive taking, creativity and innovation, organizing social economic mechanism to turn resources and situation to practical account and is the acceptance of risk to failure. Women entrepreneurs: A woman entrepreneur is defined as a woman who has alone or with one or more partners, started, bought, or inherited a business, is assuming the related financial, administrative, and social risks and responsibilities, and is participating in the firm’s day-to-day management. Such women are also known as women business owners or women entrepreneurs or self-employed women (LFS, 1996) More recently, a new trend has emerged where women are venturing as entrepreneurs and are contributing to the economic development. Women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh represent a group of women who have broken away form the broken track and are exploring new vistas of economic participation. Their task has been full of challenges (Begum 2000). More recent American research examines in great depth both by motivation by female start-up and the problems faced by a woman when starting a business (Hisrish and Brush, 1984). Motivations for business start-up as Bangladeshi were identified as a desire for job satisfaction, independence and achievement (Begum, R 2000).The major problems, identified by the female respondents in this study, were under capitalization and a lack of knowledge and training in business skills. A majority of the respondents reported difficulties in â€Å"overcoming some of the social beliefs that women are not serious as men about business.† A later study (Hisr ish and Brush, 1996) focused on different types of female-owned business and confirmed the lack of support offered to female proprietors in non-traditional sectors. In a more recent study, Goffee and Scase (1999) use a sample of 54 female proprietors to identify a typology of female entrepreneurs. Four types of female entrepreneurs were identified: a) Conventional entrepreneurs; b) Innovative entrepreneurs, c) Domestic entrepreneurs and d) Radical entrepreneurs. Chowdhury (1988) classified ten types of women entrepreneurs in her study as follows: a) Self made women individual entrepreneurs, b) Trained women industrial entrepreneurs, c) Women entrepreneurs who as wives of business people are involved in production, d) Women are share-holder of commercial firms, e) Women as administrative executives of enterprises, f) Women as inheritor of parents or husbands firms, g) Women as partners in business, h) Researchers turned entrepreneurs, i) Rural women entrepreneurs and j) Industrialis ts cum traders. In spite of women taking entrepreneurship in many challenging fields, the present women entrepreneurial activities in Bangladesh is not very high. Women are participating in starting small-scale industries in the country, out of which only 8% of the industries are run exclusively by women entrepreneurs (LFS, 1996). Entrepreneurial Quality: Entrepreneurial qualities are same for men and women to succeed as entrepreneurs. The major entrepreneurial qualities seen in Bangladeshi women entrepreneurs are that they have confidence, commitment, innovative and creative knowledge, need for achievement, profit oriented, hard work driving energy and risk taking ability (Begum R.2000). 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT Our report paper was constructed with a view to analyzing the present entrepreneurial situation of women in Khulna city and how these entrepreneurial ventures have helped to make them self –reliant in their socio-economic life. In recent years, with the growing tendency to flourish businesses, women are not lagging behind in their contribution to their family and self existence. Although there have been researches in area of entrepreneurship, no specific research has been done on women entrepreneurial ventures on Khulna city. So for a detailed knowledge on women businesses and their motivation to be engaged in such ventures have a special concern for the NGOs, micro-credit institutions and for the policy holders. So this is a effort to have a detailed analysis of women entrepreneurial businesses. 4. OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT As mentioned earlier, the main objective of the study was to evaluate the nature of women entrepreneurship in Khulna city, its socio-economic impact and also to identify problems and suggest guidelines. Following were the specific objectives of the study: i. To analyze the main entrepreneurial ventures run by women entrepreneurs in Khulna. ii. To show how these enterprises are creating an overall positive impact on their family status and for economic solvency. iii. To identify the major constraints for women entrepreneurship development and giving recommendations for the rapid flourishment of women entrepreneurial ventures. 5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study was undertaken in Khulna city which is located in the South-western region of Bangladesh. It is the third largest city in the country. Before proceeding to the formal study, a literature review has been covered on women entrepreneurship. For the convenience of time and resources, the main women entrepreneurial ventures in the metropolitan city have been interviewed and questioned. An emphasis was given on hearing the experience of the women entrepreneurs. The policy recommendations have been suggested with regard to the current scenario and also from the research and report papers of national NGOs.. 6. LIMITATIONS OF THE REPORT The study report faced the concrete statistic data regarding the women entrepreneurial activities of Khulna city. There are no updated numerical figures about the entrepreneurial ventures in the internet and in journals. To be authentic and representative, it has to survey a minimum number of women entrepreneurs from each sector, which was time consuming and demands more time and, the survey does not flow such objective, it aims to work out program for women entrepreneurs of the Khulna City. However, a good number of women entrepreneurs were distributed questionnaire for their uses. Being involved in women entrepreneurship development activities we recognize that there should be an all-covering broad-based survey in this regard to gain a concrete idea for supporting and integrating women entrepreneurs in Khulna city. 7. METHODOLOGY For the completion of the report, we used both primary data and secondary data from various sources. 1. Primary data: The main source of primary data was a number of interviews with women entrepreneurs from several entrepreneurial sectors and structured questionnaires which were answered by the entrepreneurs. For every sector, five entrepreneurs were interviewed. The questionnaires included questions regarding their educational background, family background, family support, initial capital, scope of businesses, services, profit margin and the probability of sustaining businesses amidst various problems. Then our second goal of assessing the impact of these ventures were achieved through giving the entrepreneurs questions regarding the monthly income, supporting family, decision-making skill and have more say in family matters. 2. Secondary data: The main source of secondary data was internet-based journals and research papers for covering literature review on women entrepreneurial situation in Bangladesh. For covering the solutions of the problems of women entrepreneurs, different proposals that have been made were also analyzed and included. 8. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION In this section, results of data analysis is shown and interpreted. Collected data were analyzed and interpreted in line with the report objectives stated before. Hence, the discussions in this section are divided in main three parts: the first part will include the nature and current scenario of entrepreneurial ventures of women including the constraints of these ventures.. The second part will involve the impact of these entrepreneurial activities on their socio-economic life. The third part will suggest some solution proposal for removing the current barriers of women entrepreneurship development in Khulna city. Scopes and nature of women entrepreneurial venture of Khulna city Through detailed analysis of the answers of the questionnaires, some common women entrepreneurial ventures were identified. ENTREPRENEURIAL VENTURES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS SL. No. Type of Businesses 1. Beauty parlors 2. Butique shops 3. Poultry farming 4. Tailoring 5. Dairy farming 6. Others 8.1 BEAUTY PARLORS In recent times beauty parlors have become the lucrative business for women entrepreneurs in Khulna. Starting with home-based services they are entering into this venture in a separate commercial basis. As it is mainly a home based entrepreneurship, women are very much interested about the prospect of this business. Actually beauty parlor is such a place where women care women; that means here service provider is women and the customer is also women. For that reason the women who are related with this business, can conduct their business conveniently. It is also a risk less business as women don’t need to invest a lot for their material of beautification. Along with that, a woman is very much interested to make her self stylist and fair in every circumstance for that this is very momentous for her to get help from a beauty parlor. It is found that the main locations of the beauty parlors are South Central Road and New Market. Around South Central Road, there are about 5 beauty parlors, and there are 4 beauty parlors in and around New Market. From the interview with some openers of beauty parlors of South Central Road, we found that the initial capital of starting a parlor few years back was much lower than the present modern well equipped parlors for the emergence of new beautification techniques. The first parlor of this area (Pleasure Beauty Parlor) started its business with only 80,000 taka. But newest parlor of this area (Nanking Beauty Parlor) has started its business with around 12,00,000 taka. And obviously it is very much modern and customers are very interested to go there. For the competition, the other parlors are also trying to give better service to their customers. The parlors of new market have begun their business almost at the same time and the market there is very much competitive. But the pa rlors of this area are not much more popular than those of South Central Road. Here is a table regarding the 10 parlors of Khulna City. For making our study more representative and credible, small medium as well as large parlors were taken as samples. The sample results are given below: Initial investments of the entrepreneurs Amount (in taka) No. Of entrepreneurs Percentage Below 20000 2 20 20001- 90000 2 20 90001- 200010 3 30 200011- 370000 2 20 Above 370000 1 10 total 10 The average monthly turnover of the entrepreneurs is also satisfactory. The average turnover of the studied parlors is Tk. 25000 ranging from Tk. 18000 to Tk. 45000. Profit margin is also very high (40%). The monthly income of the enterprises Amount (in taka) No. of entrepreneurs Percentage Average income Below 20000 1 10 35000 20001 26000 2 20 260001- 35000 3 30 35001- 40000 2 20 40001 45000 2 20 total 10 100 Percentage of profit Percentage of profit No of entreprenurs Percentage Average profit (%) Below 15% 1 10 40 16% 20% 3 30 21- 28% 2 20 29% 36% 2 20 37- 44% 2 20 total 10 100 With the starting of home-based and separate business-location based beauty parlors, women entrepreneurs are now able to supplement their family with handsome income and the women are supposed to have more decision making and participating skills in their family. One particular parlor-owner in South Central Road stated that she was having more confidence in maintaining her family through her steady income. With the flourishment of modern and highly instrument-based parlors, the employment opportunity has been created in those parlors. The parlors in south Central Road on an average have created employment for five women. So, this parlor business is creating a overall impact on their socio-economic lives. The role of BRAC Bank, EBL, and Eastern Bank is significant for financing this SME. BRAC bank is giving is providing low-interest short-term credit to women entrepreneurs in this sector. CARE, UNNAYAN and some few other NGOs are providing low-interest credit to parlor-owners. But st ill govt. banks are reluctant to provide financial support for SMEs. So there should be more proper govt. policies for the growth of beauty parlors and other women SMESs 8.2 BUTIQUE SHOPS Butique shops are the second largest business sector where we found more women entrepreneurs. There are many Butique shops situated in Khulna city. Lion’s shares of these shops are owned by women entrepreneurs. In Butique shops new designed and fashionable dresses are made and sold. They also take orders from the customers. Customers suggest their own design or select from their catalog. Embroidery, batic, applic, karchupi and different types of design are done in these Butique shops. These shops are mainly small business and very few workers work in these shops. We have found that not more than five workers work in a shop and average number of workers are three. These shops need not too much capital to start but the return is much more appreciable. We have found many Butique shops in New Market, Baitur Nur Shopping complex, Jalil Tower and Daulatpur Bazar in Khulna city. The following table shows some Butique shops in Khulna city. Initial investments of the entrepreneurs Amount (in taka) No. Of entrepreneurs percentage Below 20000 3 30 20001- 90000 2 20 90001- 200010 2 20 200011- 370000 1 10 Above 370000 2 20 Total 10 100 The monthly income of the enterprises Amount (in taka) No. of entrepreneurs Percentage Average income Below 20000 2 20 25000 20001 26000 1 10 260001- 35000 3 30 35001- 40000 2 20 40001 45000 2 20 Total 10 100 Percentage of profit Percentage of profit No of entrepreneurs Percentage Average profit (%) Below 15% 2 20 30 16% 20% 3 30 21- 28% 2 20 29% 36% 2 20 37- 44% 1 10 Total 10 100 Because of less capital needed and also for the demand this sector becomes much attractive to the women entrepreneurs. But the competition also becomes higher and higher in recent years. 8.3 POULTRY FARM Poultry is another thriving sector in which women entrepreneurs are getting the advantage of running it as home business. In an interview with five women entrepreneurs from different regions of Khulna we found a positive ground for being engaged in such business, although the fear of Bird-flu is causing some discouragement among women regarding the continuation of poultry. Five women entrepreneurs from Sonadanga, Boyra, and Daulatpur have been interviewed. The average initial capital for starting a firm having 500 chickens has been observed to be Tk. 2 lakhs. Women entrepreneurs reported that they calculate their income and profit margin in terms of sale of chickens and eggs at every term, One entrepreneur from Boyra has reported that for the sale of a 500 chicken package, on an average tk. 30000 is earned as profit margin. On another study from an entrepreneur from Sonadanga, this particular layer firm owner has stated that, from the selling of every piece of egg, 50 paisa is earned as profit margin. So, for the sale of 1000 eggs, Tk. 500 remains as profit margin. So, by selling 500 eggs daily, this women entrepreneur earns 250 tk. profit margin daily. So, considering this women entrepreneurs are being more encouraged to run such business, because they can run it with their household chores side by side. Generally, no employment opportunity is being created for other women except for the self-employment of the entrepreneur. But for the bigger socio-economic impact, women are adding income to their family matters and women are becoming self-reliant by being engaged in poultry. Estimate of expense and income margin Quantity of output Approximate expenses(tk) Approximate revenues(tk) 300 chickens 60,000 90,000 500 chickens 100,000 140,000 500 eggs 2,500 250 1000 eggs 5000 500 Considering the present scenario, women entrepreneurs have identified the following problems and obstacles in their running poultry firm : Increased price of poultry feed items Not rising the price of chickens in proportion to the production cost Lack of financial support from financial institutions Losing encouragement due to Bird-flu Profit margin not increasing much So, in removing the present barriers, most of the poultry owners have reported the following remedies for the smooth completion of their business : Govt. To take initiative for not spreading the fear of Bird-Flu Providing regulatory measures by the govt. not to increase the price of feed items Training facilities from govt. and NGOS. Low-interest rated credits 8.4 TAILORING Most of the women seeking for doing something prefer to start a tailoring shop. As they are normally introvert so they like to work in the environment dominated by her and the stakeholders will be women. It is tailoring shop which fulfills all the requirements. Mainly girls and women are customers here so tailors shop is a good choice for the women to start a business. With the initial capital like thirty to fifty thousands taka women start a tailoring shop. Before that women have to train for tailoring. And in the tailoring shop they act both as tailor and master. We have found that average workers work in a shop is about three to four. Business and demand of the service of a particular shop depends on the updated fashionable dress. Initial investments of the entrepreneurs Amount (in taka) No. Of entrepreneurs percentage Below 20000 2 20 20001- 90000 2 20 90001- 200010 3 30 200011- 370000 2 20 Above 370000 1 10 Total 10 100 The monthly income of the enterprises Amount (in taka) No. of entrepreneurs Percentage Average income Below 20000 2 10 25000 20001 26000 2 15 260001- 35000 3 25 35001- 40000 2 25 40001 45000 1 25 Total 10 100 Percentage of profit Percentage of profit No of entrepreneurs Percentage Average profit (%) Below 15% 2 10 25 16% 20% 2 20 21- 28% 3 20 29% 36% 2 25 37- 44% 1 25 Total 10 100 8.5 DAIRY FARMING Dairy Farming is another profitable venture in which poor and lower-income classes of women are being involved more. From interviews with five women entrepreneurs in this sector, we identified the following reasons for growing it more : Family business Capital is not too high compared to other home business Easy for maintenance and care of cattles Usage of cow dungs as the fuel for poor women Making of fertilizer through processing cow dungs Satisfactory profit through selling milk Considering the haphazard and irregular estimate of their buying and selling of cattles, women entrepreneurs could not give accurate estimate of their business. But, on an average, their whole cost of rearing and feeding cattles are compensated through the selling of milk. Occasional selling of cattles although dont help the women. So, 6 out of the five women said their dairy farming was unsatisfactory and they would rather give it up. The rest of the 4 women expressed their businesss is running well enough to support their family. The result of their monthly income is as follows. Monthly income of the entrepreneurs Amount (in tk) No.of entrepreneurs Percentage (%) Average monthly income Below 3000 3 30 3500 3001-4000 4 40 4001-5000 2 20 5001-5500 1 10 In an effort to analyze the positive impact of the dairy business in the life of women is their solo dependence of this family venture. Women have been able to support the education of their children and making savings in the local Samites and NGOs. Women have become more sensible in their family matters and their decision-making capability has been reported to be more extensive than ever before. On giving policy recommendations for the flourishment of such cattle business, the following measures have been suggested: More easy micro-credits from local NGOs. Expansion of govt. training programs in such fields Innovation of nutritious cow and goat feeds 8.6 OTHER SECTORS TEA-STALL Another sector of women entrepreneurship is tea-stall. Women are starting these shops to contribute in the family income. These shops need too little investment. So, lower middle class and poor women are usually found in this business. In this shop biri, cigarette, snacks, paan etc are also sold. We interviewed some of the entrepreneurs and found that average initial capital needed is approximately five thousands taka. No worker is usually needed because here the owner is the seller. Monthly income is about fifteen thousands taka and the profit is about approximately four thousands taka. Fish selling, vegetable cultivation, mat weaving are some other minor sectors in which women are doing better and bringing a minimal income to their family. In New Market, Nirala Bazar and Natun Bazar and in footpaths, women have been reported to be involved in fish and vegetable selling. Although no overall reliable data have been found, yet fish and vegetable selling are their major source of income. VENDORS women became involved in selling as vendors or hawkers, because they didnot have other sources of support. Majority of these women had to fend for their families as amale breadwinner was absent due to divorce, separation, death or disability of husband.Some said that their husbands left them or married again and they had to take care of thechildren. Some started work after they returned to their fathers home. Some women startedworking to support their families after their husband died. A couple of women said theirhusbands were disabled and they had to take the main responsibility to look after the family.In pursuing businesswomen received support from other women entrepreneurs and NGOs.Some male business persons also helped the women. In describing the advantages of being a vendor, women said they receive a greater return ontheir sales. They also felt that if more women vendors came to the market, then more womenbuyers would also come. Some women who go to the market as buyers said that if the pricewas right, they would prefer to buy from women. They feel more comfortable buying theirpersonal items from women.From the vulnerability matrix exercise, among potential women vendors and existing womenvendors, availability of and access to capital emerged as the main constraint for women. Men have more resources and social connections which provide them greater access to capital. That gives them a competitive edge. Moreover, women face gender bias when trying to get their space in the market. Vegetable vendors in Bagerhat described the harassment they faced, some times face hazards from the Izaradaar to sit on the vegetable platform. They have specific area but sometimes someone else occupies the spot by giving more sit ting charge. Capital constraint is an even bigger issue for women who operate fixed shops. The three fixedshops started by women without government assistance are shabby and very small.. Women had said that if they had the capital, they would decorate the shop to make it look more attractive. The barriers which have been found by women in this regard are as follows: Unavailability of suitable places in the sides of markets Dominance in business by male counterparts Lack of effort for cultivating vegetable through scientific process Lack of financial support for starting a large-scale business 9. OBSTACLES SPECIFIC TO STARTING NEW WOMEN BUSINESS VENTURES Firstly, women in general lack human and financial capital and that their opportunities are related to their idiosyncratic experiences it is difficult to separate out if they are discriminated against because of their sex, or because of lack of human and financial capital. If it is the latter, then the financial institution has not discriminated against a person based on his or her sex. The financial institution has just tried to optimise its loan portfolio based on those that probably have the highest chance to make a firm survive and prosper. Secondly, three areas have been identified as potential or real problems for women when it comes to financing: a) women may be disadvantaged in raising the initial capital to start a new firm; b) collateral needed for external financing may be above the wealth level of most women; c) finance for an existing firm may be less available, because women are less likely than men to penetrate informal financial networks. Thirdly, results indicate that women still perceive a negative attitude from financial institutions such as banks and other lending institutions. This negative attitude arises due to two possible reasons as discussed in the literature: a) women are not viewed as entrepreneurs due to the attitudes formed by traditional gender roles; b) women engage in industries that the financial institutions are not used to handle (as personal services, care, etc.). Also in the personal networks and the family it is harder for women to find financial resources to start a business. 10. KEY POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Based on these findings, policy measures to support women’s entrepreneurship can be several types: Ensuring the availability of affordable child care and equal treatment in the work place. More generally, improving the position of women in society and promoting entrepreneurship generally will have benefits in terms of women’s entrepreneurship. Listen to the voice of women entrepreneurs. The creation of government offices of women’s business ownership is one way to facilitate this. Such offices could have programme responsibilities such as providing women’s business centres, organizing information seminars and meetings and/or providing web-based information to women. Incorporate a women’s entrepreneurial dimension in the formation of all SME-related policies. This can be done by ensuring that the impact on womens entrepreneurship is taken into account at the design stage. Govt. and NGOs providing loan at lower interest rates and creating opportunity for training and facilitating the environment of business More research work on women entrepreneurs and the strengthening of Women and Child Ministry. Knowledge about women’s entrepreneurship and valuable tools for its development and promotion. Co-operation and partnerships between national and international networks can facilitate entrepreneurial endeavors by women in a global economy. Periodically evaluate the impact of any SME-related policies on the success of women-owned businesses and the extent to which such businesses take advantage of them. The objective should be to identify ways to improve the effectiveness of those that should be retained. Good practices that are identified in this way should be disseminated and shared internationally. 11. CONCLUSION From the detailed analysis of the women entrepreneurial ventures, women are observed to be more willing to achieve self-employment and self-reliance. The selected women entrepreneurs of Khulna city have mainly started their business for their survival rather than meeting self-actualization needs. Some sectors like beauty parlors, boutique and tailoring are really doing a lucrative job for women entrepreneurs whereas the performance of other business like dairy farming and vendors are not satisfactory as to be more growth-oriented. But, still lots of possibilities are there and if govt. women policy gives more emphasis of women entrepreneurship, then women entrepreneurs will be more encouraged. Besides, Women Entrepreneurs Association (WEA) can arrange more financial capital and technical knowledge for women in Khulna. For one thing, low govt. budget for Khulna region has severely harmed the women entrepreneurship. So, for building up more varied women ventures and rapid growth of exi sting ventures, a clear cut SME and women entrepreneurship policy needs to be formulated and through this , women will be capable enough to bring a positive socio-economic impact in their life. 12. APPENDIX 12.1 QUESTIONNAIRE: 12.2 REFERENCES: 1. Islam, Nazrul: Entrepreneurship Development With special references to Bangladesh 2. Womens Access to Markets Vulnerabilities and Constraints: Project of care Bangladesh 3. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2006). Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh 2006 4. Agnello and Moller (2006). Women Micro-entrepreneurs and their Business Needs, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Urban Sector group ILO 5. managementhelp.org/aboutfml/privacy.htm 6. erim.eur.nl/entrepreneurship 7. entrepreneurship-sme.eu/index.cfm/12,html?nxt=ctm_publikatiebestelnummer=R200809 8. http://ideas.repec.org/stepbystep.html Research Papers on Women Entrepreneurs In KhulnaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Fifth HorsemanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part One19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraDefinition of Export QuotasPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionTwilight of the UAW

The Chemical Composition of Rubbing Alcohol

The Chemical Composition of Rubbing Alcohol One of the types of alcohol you can buy over the counter is rubbing alcohol, which is used for disinfection and may be applied to the skin to produce a cooling effect. Do you know the chemical composition of rubbing alcohol? It is a mixture of denatured alcohol, water, and agents added to make the alcohol unpalatable to drink. It may also include colorants. There are two common types of rubbing alcohol. Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol Most rubbing alcohol is made from isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol in water. It is common to find isopropyl rubbing alcohol at concentrations from 68% alcohol in water up to 99% alcohol in water. The 70% rubbing alcohol is highly effective as a disinfectant. Additives make this alcohol bitter-tasting, to try to prevent people from drinking it. Isopropyl alcohol is toxic, in part because the body metabolizes it into acetone. Drinking this alcohol can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, central nervous system depression, organ damage, and potentially coma or death. Ethyl Alcohol Rubbing Alcohol The other type of rubbing alcohol consists of 97.5-100% denatured ethyl alcohol or ethanol with water. Ethyl alcohol is naturally less toxic than isopropyl alcohol. In fact, it is the alcohol that naturally occurs in wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages. However, the alcohol is denatured or made undrinkable in rubbing alcohol, both to control its use as an intoxicant and because the alcohol has not been purified to make it safe to drink. In fact, in the US, additives make it as toxic as isopropyl alcohol. Rubbing Alcohol in the UK In the United Kingdom, rubbing alcohol goes by the name surgical spirit. The formulation consists of a mixture of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Rubbing Alcohol in the US In the United States, rubbing alcohol made using ethanol must conform to Formula 23-H, which specifies it consists of 100 parts by volume of ethyl alcohol, 8 parts by volume of acetone, and 1.5 parts by volume of methyl isobutyl ketone (MSDS sheet). The remainder of the composition includes water and denaturants and may include colorants and perfume oils. Rubbing alcohol made using isopropanol is regulated to contains at least 355 mg of sucrose octaacetate (MSDS sheet) and 1.40 mg of denatonium benzoate per 100 ml volume. Isopropyl rubbing alcohol also contains water, stabilizer and may contain colorants. Rubbing Alcohol Toxicity All rubbing alcohol manufactured in the US is toxic to ingest or  inhale and can cause excessively dry skin if used often. In fact, if you read the product label, youll see there is a warning against most of the common uses of rubbing alcohol. All types of rubbing alcohol, regardless of their country of origin, are flammable. Formulations closer to 70% are less likely to catch fire than rubbing alcohol that contains a higher percentage of alcohol.

U.A.E - the Greatest Industrial Hubs Term Paper

U.A.E - the Greatest Industrial Hubs - Term Paper Example Huge amount of investment is going on in this industry all over the world. This situation is not only encouraging more innovations in the field but also creating great and positive competitions in the world between different telecommunication companies. Middle East known by its enriched oil resources all over the world and this region is also a part of economical, political and social changes taking place all over the world since the time being. Most of the Middle East is known by west as biased towards fundamentalism concepts of religion. U.A.E has played a vital role in developing healthier and positive relations between west and east effectively (Etihad). Etisalat is the major telecommunication company in United Arab Emirates U.A.E and it is also one of the main companies present in Arabian Peninsula and Africa. It was founded in 1976 and became leading telecommunication service provider in the region. Over the last few years it has became one of the greatest corporations in the w orld creating partnerships with different telecommunication companies that are present in the world. It not only enabled U.A.E to have basic telecommunication services. ...Etisalat is the first company of the region which used Geographical information systems (GIS). Network convergence which is a concept becoming reality now days GIS is used by the company to specify network operations, increasing of customer satisfaction and relations and providing a way for innovations and developments. Over the years Etisalat is the company which has done many in-house updates accommodation all the modern ideas happening in this field. Etisalat is the company which has focused itself delivering innovative services and speeding of social and economic growth (Etislat 2011, 2-9). Etisalat’s international acquisition started from 2004 by wining second mobile phone license and first 3G services license in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Etisalat is the company which has experienced a great innovation in the field and became one of the greatest expanding companies. The satellite network of company covers almost two-third of earth’s surface. For almost 40 years Etisalat has helped its mother nation U.A.E to sustain its image as one of the greatest business hub present in the region. It provides reliable and high quality services favoring foreign investments. It is the one of the companies which has put its mother nation in top 10 countries regarding telecommunication services. Etisalat is the pioneer regarding the practicing of new technologies for both fixed line and wireless networks. It has installed first fiber optic network making Abu-Dhabi first city to have fiber optic network (Etisalat 2011, pages 3 to10). Etisalat is a multinational company which has companies from all over the world as its partners.

Research on China's real estate housing price Paper

On China's real estate housing price - Research Paper Example Marketing research statistics that were taken in the past five years indicate that in the property market, role of pricing mechanism is to balance purchase and the rates of selling. In this study, we are attempting to examine the determinants of the housing prices in China, with a particular focus on the monetary variables. There are three main concerns, which motivate this study. These are the exploration of the general relationship that exists between the pricing of houses and the monetary policy, even though the Chinese experience might not be ideal. We also feel that it is important to use the non-linear modeling concept known as NARMAX that selects forms and lags structures in an automatic manner for the individual explanatory variables. Lastly, the study hopes to draw some essential policy implications for the housing prices management in China. BACKGROUND/HYPOTHESIS A fall in the housing prices that started in the year 2007 ultimately resulted to the worst economic recession a nd financial crisis in the world in nearly eight decades, or eighty years. However, underscoring this important debate is the more complex academic question regarding the relationship between asset price and monetary policy. The maintenance of price stability is largely considered to be the most fundamental monetary policy’s goal. In this framework, the price stability is usually defined as the consumer price index’s stability. In the years ensuing to the world financial crisis, the China experienced a period of fast growth in her Gross Domestic Product with modest consumer price index inflation. Thus, there was no need for the government to increase the rates of interest or even tightening the liquidity conditions. Since the global crisis, we find that there has been rising recognition among policymakers and economists that it is important that the central banks monitor asset prices together with the prices of goods. However, it is still not clear whether it is feasib le for the formal incorporation of asset prices into the objective function of monetary policy. Nevertheless, even if this is possible, it is quite difficult to control the asset prices as compared to the regulation of the prices of goods. In trying to establish real estate pricing in China, it is therefore important to consider answering the following question: What is the effect of monetary policy on asset prices? What are the determinants of real estate pricing in China? What are the trends in the house pricing in China? ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY/ LITERATURE REVIEW Hongli Z. 2011. The Relationship of House Price Rising Rate and GDP Growth Rate. Mason, OH, Cengage Learning. In this context it is well illustrated that the development of the real estate industry is very important to the people`s livelihood and the national economy. The real estate regulation is very significant content of the microeconomic regulation and it is also invariably controversial. The regulation of house pric e such as controlling the house price`s rising extent within the normal range is a Key to real estate regulation1. According to the calculations of the target range in house price regulation, the house price growth rate/GDP should be controlled within {- 0.31, 0.86} among the first-tier cities and [-0.42, 1.17] among the second inter-cities. China has made real estate regu

Madison vs Marshall :: essays papers

Madison vs Marshall Upon the Declaration of Independence, a â€Å"plan of confederation† was offered to be prepared for the colonies. This plan, known as The Articles of Confederation, established a â€Å"league of friendship† among the states rather than a national government. The most significant fact about the created government was it’s weakness, it could not enforce even the limited powers it had. In James Madison’s words, in his Federalist Paper #10 â€Å"complaints are everywhere heard†¦that our governments are too unstable†. The states had won their freedom but had been unable to form a nation. They fought among themselves, suffered from severe economic depression, and came close to losing the peace they had won in war. These political and economic factors generated pressure for the creation of a new national government and a constitution. In Madison’s view, politics was overrun by different â€Å"factions†, which were groups of people who shared the same interests, different from other people or the opinion of the whole. These factions, he thought, prevented the government from its most important task, which in his opinion was to protect the owner’s of the land and property. The ownership of the land was divided according to people’s different skills, faculties, and according to Madison, â€Å"the protection of these faculties is the first object of the government†. And since the majority of the people were farmers and poor, and since â€Å"those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society†, Madison wanted a constitution that would give the government the power to control the majority. In his address to the American Bar Association, Thurgood Marshall criticizes the constitution by saying that â€Å" I do not believe that the meaning of the Constitution was forever â€Å"fixed† at the Philadelphia convention†. In his opinion â€Å" the government that they devised was defective from the beginning†, meaning that the Constitution required several amendments before it became what people today consider as â€Å"the basic structure of the American government†. The constitution is very different today than what the framers began to construct two centuries ago. Marshall thinks that there was much wrong with the original document, he finds many â€Å"inherent defects†, but is willing to admit that it was â€Å"a product of its times and embodied a compromise that, under other circumstances, would not have been made†. By this he means the contradiction between promising â€Å"liberty and justice for all† and denying both from blacks.

The Lost Symbol Chapter 98-101

CHAPTER 98 Robert Langdon regained consciousness with a crippling headache. Where am I? Wherever he was, it was dark. Deep-cave dark, and deathly silent. He was lying on his back with his arms at his side. Confused, he tried moving his fingers and toes, relieved to find they moved freely with no pain. What happened? With the exception of his headache and the profound darkness, everything seemed more or less normal. Almost everything. Langdon realized he was lying on a hard floor that felt unusually smooth, like a sheet of glass. Stranger still, he could feel that the slick surface was in direct contact with his bare flesh . . . shoulders, back, buttocks, thighs, calves. Am I naked? Puzzled, he ran his hands over his body. Jesus! Where the hell are my clothes? In the darkness, the cobwebs began to lift, and Langdon saw flashes of memory . . . frightening snapshots . . . a dead CIA agent . . . the face of a tattooed beast . . . Langdon's head smashing into the floor. The images came faster . . . and now he recalled the sickening image of Katherine Solomon bound and gagged on the dining-room floor. My God! Langdon sat bolt upright, and as he did, his forehead smashed into something suspended only inches above him. Pain exploded through his skull and he fell back, teetering near unconsciousness. Groggy, he reached up with his hands, groping in the darkness to find the obstacle. What he found made no sense to him. It seemed this room's ceiling was less than a foot above him. What in the world? As he spread his arms to his sides in an attempt to roll over, both of his hands hit sidewalls. The truth now dawned on him. Robert Langdon was not in a room at all. I'm in a box! In the darkness of his small, coffinlike container, Langdon began pounding wildly with his fist. He shouted over and over for help. The terror that gripped him deepened with each passing instant until it was intolerable. I have been buried alive. The lid of Langdon's strange coffin refused to budge, even with the full force of his arms and legs pushing upward in wild panic. The box, from all he could tell, was made of heavy fiberglass. Airtight. Soundproof. Lightproof. Escape-proof. I am going to suffocate alone in this box. He thought of the deep well into which he had fallen as a young boy, and of the terrifying night he spent treading water alone in the darkness of a bottomless pit. That trauma had scarred Langdon's psyche, burdening him with an overwhelming phobia of enclosed spaces. Tonight, buried alive, Robert Langdon was living his ultimate nightmare. Katherine Solomon trembled in silence on the floor of Mal'akh's dining room. The sharp wire around her wrists and ankles had already cut into her, and the slightest movements seemed only to tighten her bonds. The tattooed man had brutally knocked Langdon unconscious and dragged his limp body across the floor along with his leather bag and the stone pyramid. Where they had gone, Katherine had no idea. The agent who had accompanied them was dead. She had not heard a sound in many minutes, and she wondered if the tattooed man and Langdon were still inside the house. She had been trying to scream for help, but with each attempt, the rag in her mouth crept back dangerously closer to her windpipe. Now she felt approaching footsteps on the floor, and she turned her head, hoping against hope that someone was coming to help. The massive silhouette of her captor materialized in the hallway. Katherine recoiled as she flashed on the image of him standing in her family home ten years earlier. He killed my family. Now he strode toward her. Langdon was nowhere to be seen. The man crouched down and gripped her around the waist, hoisting her roughly onto his shoulder. The wire sliced into her wrists, and the rag muffled her muted cries of pain. He carried her down the hallway toward the living room, where, earlier today, the two of them had calmly sipped tea together. Where is he taking me?! He carried Katherine across the living room and stopped directly in front of the large oil painting of the Three Graces that she had admired this afternoon. â€Å"You mentioned you liked this painting,† the man whispered, his lips practically touching her ear. â€Å"I'm glad. It may be the last thing of beauty you see.† With that, he reached out and pressed his palm into the right side of the enormous frame. To Katherine's shock, the painting rotated into the wall, turning on a central pivot like a revolving door. A hidden doorway. Katherine tried to wriggle free, but the man held her firmly, carrying her through the opening behind the canvas. As the Three Graces pivoted shut behind them, she could see heavy insulation on the back of the canvas. Whatever sounds were made back here were apparently not meant to be heard by the outside world. The space behind the painting was cramped, more like a hallway than a room. The man carried her to the far side and opened a heavy door, carrying her through it onto a small landing. Katherine found herself looking down a narrow ramp into a deep basement. She drew a breath to scream, but the rag was choking her. The incline was steep and narrow. The walls on either side were made of cement, awash in a bluish light that seemed to emanate from below. The air that wafted up was warm and pungent, laden with an eerie blend of smells . . . the sharp bite of chemicals, the smooth calm of incense, the earthy musk of human sweat, and, pervading it all, a distinct aura of visceral, animal fear. â€Å"Your science impressed me,† the man whispered as they reached the bottom of the ramp. â€Å"I hope mine impresses you.† CHAPTER 99 CIA field agent Turner Simkins crouched in the darkness of Franklin Park and kept his steady gaze on Warren Bellamy. Nobody had taken the bait yet, but it was still early. Simkins's transceiver beeped, and he activated it, hoping one of his men had spotted something. But it was Sato. She had new information. Simkins listened and agreed with her concern. â€Å"Hold on,† he said. â€Å"I'll see if I can get a visual.† He crawled through the bushes in which he was hiding and peered back in the direction from which he had entered the square. After some maneuvering, he finally opened a sight line. Holy shit. He was staring at a building that looked like an Old World mosque. Nestled between two much larger buildings, the Moorish facade was made of gleaming terra-cotta tile laid in intricate multicolored designs. Above the three massive doors, two tiers of lancet windows looked as if Arabian archers might appear and open fire if anyone approached uninvited. â€Å"I see it,† Simkins said. â€Å"Any activity?† â€Å"Nothing.† â€Å"Good. I need you to reposition and watch it very carefully. It's called the Almas Shrine Temple, and it's the headquarters of a mystical order.† Simkins had worked in the D.C. area for a long time but was not familiar with this temple or any ancient mystical order headquartered on Franklin Square. â€Å"This building,† Sato said, â€Å"belongs to a group called the Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.† â€Å"Never heard of them.† â€Å"I think you have,† Sato said. â€Å"They're an appendant body of the Masons, more commonly known as the Shriners.† Simkins shot a dubious glance at the ornate building. The Shriners? The guys who build hospitals for kids? He could imagine no â€Å"order† less ominous sounding than a fraternity of philanthropists who wore little red fezzes and marched in parades. Even so, Sato's concerns were valid. â€Å"Ma'am, if our target realizes that this building is in fact `The Order' on Franklin Square, he won't need the address. He'll simply bypass the rendezvous and go directly to the correct location.† â€Å"My thoughts exactly. Keep an eye on the entrance.† â€Å"Yes, ma'am.† â€Å"Any word from Agent Hartmann in Kalorama Heights?† â€Å"No, ma'am. You asked him to phone you directly.† â€Å"Well, he hasn't.† Odd, Simkins thought, checking his watch. He's overdue. CHAPTER 100 Robert Langdon lay shivering, naked and alone in total blackness. Paralyzed by fear, he was no longer pounding or shouting. Instead, he had closed his eyes and was doing his best to control his hammering heart and his panicked breathing. You are lying beneath a vast, nighttime sky, he tried to convince himself. There is nothing above you but miles of wide-open space. This calming visualization had been the only way he had managed to survive a recent stint in an enclosed MRI machine . . . that and a triple dose of Valium. Tonight, however, the visualization was having no effect whatsoever. The rag in Katherine Solomon's mouth had shifted backward and was all but choking her. Her captor had carried her down a narrow ramp and into a dark basement corridor. At the far end of the hall, she had glimpsed a room lit with an eerie reddish-purple light, but they'd never made it that far. The man had stopped instead at a small side room, carried her inside, and placed her on a wooden chair. He had set her down with her bound wrists behind the chair back so she could not move. Now Katherine could feel the wire on her wrists slicing deeper into her flesh. The pain barely registered next to the rising panic she was feeling over being unable to breathe. The cloth in her mouth was slipping deeper into her throat, and she felt herself gagging reflexively. Her vision started to tunnel. Behind her, the tattooed man closed the room's lone door and flipped on the light. Katherine's eyes were watering profusely now, and she could no longer differentiate objects in her immediate surroundings. Everything had become a blur. A distorted vision of colorful flesh appeared before her, and Katherine felt her eyes starting to flutter as she teetered on the brink of unconsciousness. A scale-covered arm reached out and yanked the rag from her mouth. Katherine gasped, inhaling deep breaths, coughing and choking as her lungs flooded with precious air. Slowly, her vision began to clear, and she found herself looking into the demon's face. The visage was barely human. Blanketing his neck, face, and shaved head was an astounding pattern of bizarre tattooed symbols. With the exception of a small circle on top of his head, every inch of his body appeared to be decorated. A massive double-headed phoenix on his chest glared at her through nipple eyes like some kind of ravenous vulture, patiently waiting for her death. â€Å"Open your mouth,† the man whispered. Katherine stared at the monster with total revulsion. What? â€Å"Open your mouth,† the man repeated. â€Å"Or the cloth goes back in.† Trembling, Katherine opened her mouth. The man extended his thick, tattooed index finger, inserting it between her lips. When he touched her tongue, Katherine thought she would vomit. He extracted his wet finger and raised it to the top of his shaved head. Closing his eyes, he massaged her saliva into his small circular patch of untattooed flesh. Repulsed, Katherine looked away. The room in which she was sitting appeared to be a boiler room of some sort–pipes on the walls, gurgling sounds, fluorescent lights. Before she could take in her surroundings, though, her gaze stopped dead on something beside her on the floor. A pile of clothing–turtleneck, tweed sport coat, loafers, Mickey Mouse watch. â€Å"My God!† She wheeled back to the tattooed animal before her. â€Å"What have you done with Robert?!† â€Å"Shh,† the man whispered. â€Å"Or he'll hear you.† He stepped to one side and motioned behind him. Langdon was not there. All Katherine saw was a huge black fiberglass box. Its shape bore an unsettling resemblance to the heavy crates in which corpses were shipped back from war. Two massive clasps firmly locked the box shut. â€Å"He's inside?!† Katherine blurted. â€Å"But . . . he'll suffocate!† â€Å"No, he won't,† the man said, pointing to a series of transparent pipes that ran along the wall into the bottom of the crate. â€Å"He'll only wish he could.† In total darkness, Langdon listened intently to the muffled vibrations he now heard from the outside world. Voices? He began pounding on the box and shouting at the top of his lungs. â€Å"Help! Can anyone hear me?!† Far off, a muted voice called out. â€Å"Robert! My God, no! NO!† He knew the voice. It was Katherine, and she sounded terrified. Even so, it was a welcome sound. Langdon drew a breath to call out to her, but he stopped short, feeling an unexpected sensation at the back of his neck. A faint breeze seemed to be emanating from the bottom of the box. How is that possible? He lay very still, taking stock. Yes, definitely. He could feel the tiny hairs on the back of his neck being tickled by air movement. Instinctively, Langdon began feeling along the floor of the box, searching for the source of the air. It took only a moment to locate. There's a tiny vent! The small perforated opening felt similar to a drain plate on a sink or tub, except that a soft, steady breeze was now coming up through it. He's pumping air in for me. He doesn't want me to suffocate. Langdon's relief was short-lived. A terrifying sound was now emanating up through the holes in the vent. It was the unmistakable gurgle of flowing liquid . . . coming his way. Katherine stared in disbelief at the clear shaft of liquid that was progressing down one of the pipes toward Langdon's crate. The scene looked like some kind of twisted stage magician's act. He's pumping water into the crate?! Katherine strained at her bonds, ignoring the deep bite of the wires around her wrists. All she could do was look on in panic. She could hear Langdon pounding in desperation, but as the water reached the underside of the container, the pounding stopped. There was a moment of terrified silence. Then the pounding started again with renewed desperation. â€Å"Let him out!† Katherine begged. â€Å"Please! You can't do this!† â€Å"Drowning is a terrible death, you know.† The man spoke calmly as he paced around her in circles. â€Å"Your assistant, Trish, could tell you that.† Katherine heard his words, but she could barely process them. â€Å"You may remember that I almost drowned once,† the man whispered. â€Å"It was on your family's estate in Potomac. Your brother shot me, and I fell through the ice, out at Zach's bridge.† Katherine glared at him, filled with loathing. The night you killed my mother. â€Å"The gods protected me that night,† he said. â€Å"And they showed me the way . . . to become one of them.† The water gurgling into the box behind Langdon's head felt warm . . . body temperature. The fluid was already several inches deep and had completely swallowed the back of his naked body. As it began creeping up his rib cage, Langdon felt a stark reality closing in fast. I'm going to die. With renewed panic, he raised his arms and began pounding wildly again. CHAPTER 101 â€Å"You've got to let him out!† Katherine begged, crying now. â€Å"We'll do whatever you want!† She could hear Langdon pounding more frantically as the water flowed into his container. The tattooed man just smiled. â€Å"You're easier than your brother. The things I had to do to get Peter to tell me his secrets . . .† â€Å"Where is he?!† she demanded. â€Å"Where is Peter?! Tell me! We did exactly what you wanted! We solved the pyramid and–â€Å" â€Å"No, you did not solve the pyramid. You played a game. You withheld information and brought a government agent to my home. Hardly behavior I intend to reward.† â€Å"We didn't have a choice,† she replied, choking back the tears. â€Å"The CIA is looking for you. They made us travel with an agent. I'll tell you everything. Just let Robert out!† Katherine could hear Langdon shouting and pounding in the crate, and she could see the water flowing through the pipe. She knew he didn't have a lot of time. In front of her, the tattooed man spoke calmly, stroking his chin. â€Å"I assume there are agents waiting for me at Franklin Square?† Katherine said nothing, and the man placed his massive palms on her shoulders, slowly pulling her forward. With her arms still wire-bound be hind the chair back, her shoulders strained, burning with pain, threatening to dislocate. â€Å"Yes!† Katherine said. â€Å"There are agents at Franklin Square!† He pulled harder. â€Å"What is the address on the capstone?† The pain in her wrists and shoulders grew unbearable, but Katherine said nothing. â€Å"You can tell me now, Katherine, or I'll break your arms and ask you again.† â€Å"Eight!† she gasped in pain. â€Å"The missing number is eight! The capstone says: `The secret hides within The Order–Eight Franklin Square!' I swear it. I don't know what else to tell you! It's Eight Franklin Square!† The man still did not release her shoulders. â€Å"That's all I know!† Katherine said. â€Å"That's the address! Let go of me! Let Robert out of that tank!† â€Å"I would . . .† the man said, â€Å"but there's one problem. I can't go to Eight Franklin Square without being caught. Tell me, what's at that address?† â€Å"I don't know!† â€Å"And the symbols on the base of the pyramid? On the underside? Do you know their meaning?† â€Å"What symbols on the base?† Katherine had no idea what he was talking about. â€Å"The bottom has no symbols. It's smooth, blank stone!† Apparently immune to the muffled cries for help emanating from the coffinlike crate, the tattooed man calmly padded over to Langdon's day-bag and retrieved the stone pyramid. Then he returned to Katherine and held it up before her eyes so she could see the base. When Katherine saw the engraved symbols, she gasped in bewilderment. But . . . that's impossible! The bottom of the pyramid was entirely covered with intricate carvings. There was nothing there before! I'm sure of it! She had no idea what these symbols could possibly mean. They seemed to span every mystical tradition, including many she could not even place. Total chaos. â€Å"I . . . have no idea what this means,† she said. â€Å"Nor do I,† her captor said. â€Å"Fortunately, we have a specialist at our disposal.† He glanced at the crate. â€Å"Let's ask him, shall we?† He carried the pyramid toward the crate. For a brief instant of hope, Katherine thought he was going to unclasp the lid. Instead, he sat calmly on top of the box, reached down, and slid a small panel to one side, revealing a Plexiglas window in the top of the tank. Light! Langdon covered his eyes, squinting into the ray of light that now streamed in from above. As his eyes adjusted, hope turned to confusion. He was looking up through what appeared to be a window in the top of his crate. Through the window, he saw a white ceiling and a fluorescent light. Without warning, the tattooed face appeared above him, peering down. â€Å"Where is Katherine?!† Langdon shouted. â€Å"Let me out!† The man smiled. â€Å"Your friend Katherine is here with me,† the man said. â€Å"I have the power to spare her life. Your life as well. But your time is short, so I suggest you listen carefully.† Langdon could barely hear him through the glass, and the water had risen higher, creeping across his chest. â€Å"Are you aware,† the man asked, â€Å"that there are symbols on the base of the pyramid?† â€Å"Yes!† Langdon shouted, having seen the extensive array of symbols when the pyramid had lain on the floor upstairs. â€Å"But I have no idea what they mean! You need to go to Eight Franklin Square! The answer is there! That's what the capstone–â€Å" â€Å"Professor, you and I both know the CIA is waiting for me there. I have no intention of walking into a trap. Besides, I didn't need the street number. There is only one building on that square that could possibly be relevant–the Almas Shrine Temple.† He paused, staring down at Langdon. â€Å"The Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.† Langdon was confused. He was familiar with the Almas Temple, but he had forgotten it was on Franklin Square. The Shriners are . . . â€Å"The Order†? Their temple sits atop a secret staircase? It made no historical sense whatsoever, but Langdon was in no position at the moment to debate history. â€Å"Yes!† he shouted. â€Å"That must be it! The secret hides within The Order!† â€Å"You're familiar with the building?† â€Å"Absolutely!† Langdon raised his throbbing head to keep his ears above the quickly rising liquid. â€Å"I can help you! Let me out!† â€Å"So you believe you can tell me what this temple has to do with the symbols on the base of the pyramid?† â€Å"Yes! Let me just look at the symbols!† â€Å"Very well, then. Let's see what you come up with.† Hurry! With the warm liquid rising around him, Langdon pushed up on the lid, willing the man to unclasp it. Please! Hurry! But the lid never opened. Instead, the base of the pyramid suddenly appeared, hovering above the Plexiglas window. Langdon stared up in panic. â€Å"I trust this view is close enough for you?†The man held the pyramid in his tattooed hands. â€Å"Think fast, Professor. I'm guessing you have less than sixty seconds.†